Herpes labialis

Herpes labialis is a common viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). It presents with painful blisters, redness, and sores on or around the lips. The disease is highly contagious, especially during the active phase, and can recur periodically throughout life.

Causes and route of infection
- Causative agent: **Herpes simplex virus type 1 (less commonly type 2)**
- Primary infection usually occurs in childhood
- The virus remains latent in the nerve ganglia and is reactivated under certain conditions
- Infection through:
• Direct contact (kisses, shared utensils, toothbrushes)
• Contact with an active herpes outbreak
• Sharp objects or dermal manipulations

Triggering factors
- Stress, emotional tension
- Exposure to sun or wind
- Acute infection
- Lip trauma
- Immunosuppression

Clinical picture
- Local burning, itching, tingling or soreness (prodromal stage)
- Appearance of grouped bubbles on the lips or surrounding skin
- Bursting of the bubbles and formation of painful erosions or crusts
- Healing in 7–10 days without scarring in uncomplicated cases

Diagnosis
- Clinical – based on the typical picture
- In case of doubt: PCR test, viral culture
- Differential diagnosis: impetigo, aphthae, allergic dermatitis

Treatment
**Local:**
- Acyclovir cream, penciclovir – application in the early stage (prodrome)
- Soothing and drying creams/gels (zinc oxide)

**Systemic treatment (for severe or frequent relapses):**
- Acyclovir, valacyclovir or famciclovir – as prescribed by a doctor

**Additional measures:**
- Avoiding physical contact and sharing objects during an exacerbation
- Maintaining hydration and local hygiene
- Use of photoprotection (balm with SPF) – for herpes provoked by the sun

Herpes labialis is a benign but unpleasant condition with a tendency to relapse. Early recognition of the first symptoms and initiation of treatment can shorten the course of the disease and reduce the risk of complications and transmission.