Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a common viral infection, transmitted primarily through sexual contact. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), most commonly type 2, but sometimes type 1. The disease manifests itself with painful blisters, erosions, and burning in the genital area. After the initial infection, the virus remains in the body in a latent form and can reactivate periodically.

Causative agent and transmission

- Main causative agent: **Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)**
- HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes, especially during oral sex
- Transmission via:
• Vaginal, oral or anal sexual contact
• Contact with skin or mucous membranes during active infection
Clinical picture
**Primary infection:**
- Appearance of blisters that burst and form painful ulcers
- Redness, swelling, burning, pain
- Painful urination, discomfort when walking
- Sometimes: fever, malaise, swollen lymph nodes

**Recurrences:**
- Milder than the primary infection
- Often accompanied by prodromal symptoms (itching, stinging)
- Lasts 5–7 days

Localization of symptoms

- Vulva, vagina, cervix (in women)
- Penis, scrotum (in men)
- Perineum, perianal area, anus (in both sexes)
- Possible involvement of internal organs (rare)

Diagnosis

- Clinical – based on characteristic lesions
- Laboratory confirmation if necessary:
• PCR (from blister or ulcer)
• Viral culture
• Serological tests (in asymptomatic patients or partners)

Complications

- Secondary bacterial infections
- Psychosocial distress, anxiety
- In pregnant women: possible neonatal herpes (at birth with symptoms)
- Less commonly – aseptic meningitis, herpetic proctitis

Genital herpes is a common and controllable viral infection. Although there is no definitive cure, proper treatment, awareness, and preventive measures significantly reduce symptoms and the risk of transmission.